Getting Ready For AP Chemistry

Getting Ready For AP ChemistryStudents must have taken a general chemistry exam at least once to be qualified for the AP Chemistry exam. But if you don't, don't worry. You still can get the AP Chemistry exam. You just need to learn some tricks.You want to pass the general chemistry exam the first time you take it? Well, here are some tricks to help you get started. You first need to learn some basics before you attempt the exam. If you are taking the AP Chemistry exam in the fall semester of the previous year, you have to take the spring chemistry test. You need to take your general chemistry class, preferably on a college campus, at least four weeks before the exam date.How do you prepare for your AP Petrochem exam? It's simple. If you take the course, you can have an idea of what you need to study. This will make the preparation easier and you can make more progress. The hardest part of this exam is knowing all the basics of general chemistry.At the end of the last quarter, you sho uld have reviewed your work and completed the final exam. Do not waste any time getting an answer to the questions, because you want to be prepared. And if you get confused, you can look for help from your chemistry instructor.If you find the answers too difficult, ask a question to your school's department. Don't just spend your time on this, though. Take your time and make sure you get all the answers.Use any guide that is available to you. The key is to review all of your resources to find the ones that are best suited for you. The exams are similar and are designed to keep you challenged. To keep yourself as calm as possible, use free online general chemistry software that is freely available. Many students use this software to practice, review and study for the exam.Remember, the AP Chem exam is all about general chemistry. There are hundreds of ways to take this exam, but you only need to use the basics. After you review all of your resources, go take your general chemistry te st and pass!

Online Personal Letter Format Tutors Tutorpace

Online Personal Letter Format Tutors Tutorpace Personal letter are the letters which are sent to a person or an organization in order to acknowledge things in an informal way. Mentioned below is the format useful for writing a personal letter. Address: The senders address is to be written by the sender on the extreme top right side of the letter. This information helps the receiver to reply back using the mentioned address details. The receivers address is written on left side of the letter beneath the senders address. Its important to include the name of the receiver. Date: The date of the letter should be written below the senders address on the top right side of the letter. Example for the date format is: 1st March 2009. Greetings: Is important to start the letter by greeting the receiver by appropriate prefixes or words such as Mr. / Mrs. / Miss / Dear/ Dr. etc. according to the familiarity with the person. Content: Here the sender can write his/her message or information to the receiver. In a personal letter the sender usually can convey all his message in a less formal way according to his/her familiarity with the receiver. Conclusion: This is where the sender can conclude his letter. It is appropriate or preferred to use warm or considerate word while concluding a personal letter. Example: Yours, Best wishes, All the Best etc. Signature: At the very end of the letter the sender need to write his name or preferred signature beneath the concluding phrase.

English Fitness Vocabulary - Vocabulary Words Related to Fitness

English Fitness Vocabulary - Vocabulary Words Related to Fitness Nowadays the majority of people worry about their health and generally try to ensure their body is in good shape. People talk about fitness and work out routines on a day to day basis. Hopefully, our short English fitness vocabulary will be useful to you next time you talk about your level of fitness or your exercise routine in English. First of all, the word HEALTH  is sometime used incorrectly. Make sure you use it is a noun.ex. My health is my  wealth.   A very common English expression but it is very important.The word HEALTHY is an adjective  so again make sure you only use it in this way. Adjectives in English describe nouns and pronouns. We can place adjectives either before a noun or after a verb.    ex. I am healthy. He is very healthy.Porridge is a healthy breakfast choice.Also we can use it in  the comparative format healthier, healthiest. English Fitness Vocabulary Words To ensure you are in fact healthy you should visit the doctor frequently. I am terrible at this and  usually only go if I am ill and even then I have to be very ill before I make an appointment. However, I  still try to ensure I eat a healthy diet and take reasonable (some) amounts of exercise.Before taking up exercise (cycling, running or gym work) it is advisable to get a check up (let the  doctor check your heart, blood pressure etc). If there are any problems they can be picked up (identified) before it is too late.We have many ways of exercising and it usually depends on your time and preferences. I like cycling  but others prefer the gym or jogging.Whether it is a gentle workout (easy at the beginning until you  improve your condition) or a strenuous session (harder work out for more experienced and fitter  people) there is something to suit everyone. Lets learn some English words and phrases associated with  these English Vocabulary about Fitness Don’t keep this to yourself. Tell the world. English Fitness Vocabulary Expressions Going for a spin Take your bike out of the shed or basement and cycle for several kilometres.ex. I took  my bike for a quick spin before going to work.To work out Probably, the most popular phrasal verb in English fitness vocabulary. It means to do some exercise.  ex. I try to work out twice a week.Workout is a noun and it means some time spent in the gym (or in the park, for example) doing exercises.ex. I went to the gym for a workout.I usually have a workout three times a week.Stretch the legs to do some brief warm up exercises, to prepare for your full work outex. I usually like to go for a brisk (quick) walk to stretch my legs after sitting at the desk  all day.To shed pounds to lose some weightex. Eating fewer carbs and more protein will help you shed pounds.To shift some weight can also be used in the same meaningex. I really want to shift some weight before my holidays.Spare tyre excessive amount of weight around your waistTo get rid of ones spare tyre to lose weight  ex . Our effective seven-day diet plan will help you get rid of that spare tyre in no time.To slim down to become smaller in sizeex. Regualr workouts helped him to slim down considerably.Loosen up/Warm up Before doing anything in the gym or before you set out for your jog it is always  recommended to do some stretching exercises to “loosen up” or “warm up”. In that way you should  avoid any muscle injuries.Circuit training If you are working with a personal trainer or with a specific plan you usually do a few  circuits (specific exercises that you repeat several times)ex. I do 2 circuits and repeat every exercise 15  times.After the gym or your jog you will want to warm down  (similar to warm up but at the end of your  work out). Then you may jump into (quickly as not much time) the shower, grab (again to take  something quickly) a quick drink and get going (go where you have to go, work or school or home).In order to stay healthy,  we need  to have an active lifestyle. Plea se make sure that you not only learn English fitness vocabulary words, but also maintain a regular exercise routine.  

Q What Language Should I Take in College A One of These!

Q What Language Should I Take in College A One of These! What Language Should I Take in College? 5 Top Options College.Its a time for parties, required courses and decisions youll regret.But theres one thing you should never regret: learning a second language.A lot of colleges and universities require language education before you graduate.Even if your school doesnt require it, learning a second language in college is a popular (and smart) choice.The problem is that there are a lot of options. Big schools can offer everything from Albanian to Zulu. The selection is exciting, but at the same time, it makes  deciding what second language to learn  quite the challenge.Luckily, there are some languages that stand out as top options. These languages undoubtedly make the Deans List for usefulness.Ultimately, though, its all about finding the language thats right for you.So before we look at the best overall options for college language learning today, lets go over a few things you should consider. Why You Should Carefully Consider Your Options When Selecting What Language to Take in CollegeLearni ng a language means learning a skill that can last a lifetime. If you stay in practice, the language you learn in college can significantly affect your life, including where you travel, how you interact with people and even what Netflix shows you binge.Selecting the right language can increase your motivation and your capacity to learn the language. Choosing a language you like and actually want to learn will make it easier to keep pushing forward. Therefore, youre much more likely to reach full fluency at some point in your life.What language you choose can affect your career path. For instance, if you choose Latin, chances are international business positions wont be clamoring for your language skills. Choose Chinese, though, and youre likely to get a lot further in the business world!Before Selecting a Language, Think About Why Youre Studying a LanguageThinking about why youre studying a language is essential before you consider what language to take. This is because your motivat ion can directly affect what language is best for you. Here are a few key questions to consider.Are you taking a language because youre required to? If your sole reason for taking a language is because its required, youll probably want to select an easy language to learn. For instance, Spanish is a lot easier for native English speakers than Chinese. If you study an easier language, you can reach some level of proficiency without putting in as much time or effort.Are you taking a language for your career? If so, look into what languages are in demand in your field. For instance, if youre studying archaeology, classic languages like Latin, Greek and Biblical Hebrew may be useful. If youre studying business, though, Mandarin Chinese is in hot demand. Even within industries, theres some variation based on the nature of the business. For instance, if youre interested in working for a paper company, Scandinavian languages will likely come in handy.Are you taking a language for fun? If so , consider what cultures youre interested in. Whether youre passionate about the cuisine, the music, the art or even just have the travel bug, picking a culture youre interested in will make learning the language that much more fun.Additional Factors to Consider Before Selecting a LanguageHow much work are you prepared to put in?  More difficult languages usually require more work, so if you arent looking to put in much effort, you can rule more challenging languages out. That said, a lot of its also down to how you study and how enjoyable the learning experience is for you.You can rely on FluentU  to make your college language learning experience anything but dull. With fun, real-world videosâ€"like the same sort of stuff you binge on YouTube, but in the language youre learningâ€"its the perfect way to supplement your learning in a personalized, flexible and meaningful way.How is the course delivered?  At some universities, less common language options may be delivered online. Whil e this is valid, it might not be the best value since you can often find affordably priced online learning options like private tutoring.How do you plan to use the language in the future?  How often and in what contexts do you plan to use the language? This can shape both what language you select and how long you should study that language.Will you want to study additional languages in the future? If so, you might select a language with close relatives in order to make learning easier. For instance, Romance languages like French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish have enough in common that learning one will help you learn others.What message do you want your résumé to send? Since language skills are valuable on  résumés, you might consider how your language skills will look in this context. For instance, less common languages might stand out more, while more common languages are more widely applicable.What Language Should I Take in College? 5 Top OptionsArabicArabic is a n in-demand language that can open up many doors.  The American Councils for International Education lists seven top reasons to study Arabic.One obvious reason to study Arabic is the fact that Arabic is widely spoken. While dialects vary, Arabic is spoken across North Africa and the Middle East. World language resource Ethnologue estimates that Arabic is the fourth most common first language in the world, with an estimated 295 million speakers.Plus, Arabic is in hot demand with government jobs in security and defense. The National Security Education Program (NSEP) identifies it as a critical language, so you might even be able to snag a spot in the Critical Language Scholarship (CLS) program.(Mandarin) ChineseWondering why you should learn Chinese? Well, there are nearly 1.3 billion reasons. According to Ethnologue, thats how many people speak Chinese, making it the most widely spoken language on Earth.Granted, some of these dialects are not mutually intelligible, but Mandarin alone has an estimated 898 million native speakers, so if you dont count other dialects, Mandarin is still the most spoken first language in the world with more than double the number of native speakers of the next most spoken language, Spanish.And all of this means buying power. The Chinese economy is huge. In fact, its the worlds largest economy. What does this mean for college students? First and foremost, it means job opportunities. Chinese language skills can open doors in the business world since international trade with China is booming. Additionally, with a push to teach more US students Chinese, learning Chinese could open up opportunities for teaching Chinese in the US. If youre looking to work abroad, there are also plenty of jobs teaching English in China, and knowing Chinese could be just the edge you need to snatch a coveted position.FrenchThere are so many reasons why you should learn French  beyond the delicious baked goods.Ethnologue estimates that there are over 75 mill ion native French speakers in the world. However, French is also a widely spoken second language, so there are around an estimated 229 million total speakers. French is an official language in 29 countries, including Canada and countries in Europe and Africa.Whats more, even relatively small colleges and universities often offer French, making it an accessible option for students.Since French is still widely used in diplomacy, its useful for anyone looking to go into international relations or international development. Additionally, Frances strong reputation in arts and culture make it a good choice for anyone looking for a career with an artistic angle, such as aspiring clothing designers, classical musicians, chefs and filmmakers.GermanIt may not be as widely spoken as Chinese. It may not be as critical to national needs as Arabic. But there are still a lot of good reasons  why you should learn German.Ethnologue estimates there are nearly 77 million native speakers and over 129 m illion total speakers in the world. Thats nothing to sneeze at.Plus, Germanys economy is strong. The CIA World Factbook estimates that it does over one trillion dollars in exports annually, making it the fourth top exporter in the world. Since Germany is so strong in trade, learning German can be helpful for anyone looking for a career in international business.Germany is also a science and engineering powerhouse. If youre looking to dive into an innovative field, knowing German can help you connect to other thought leaders.Since a lot of famous philosophers were German, students interested in further study in that field may benefit from reading works in the original language.Plus, German is a good language for musicians. After all, many operas are written in German. Plus, you may have heard of a few composers from German-speaking countries: Mozart, Bach, Beethoven, Brahms and Handel are just a small sampling of the great German-speaking composers who have become household names.Spa nishChances are strong that we dont need to explain to you  why you should learn Spanish. After all, its so widely spoken in the US that if you live there, youve probably heard it in the last few weeks if not the last few hours.Ethnologue estimates that over 436 million people speak Spanish as a first language. Over 90 million more speak it as a second language. In the US alone, there are an estimated  41 million native Spanish speakers and another 11 million people who are bilingual.Because its so widely spoken in the US, Spanish is a great choice for any American student looking to work in any field who doesnt already speak the language. From medicine to law to business, all fields need Spanish speakers.Plus, Spanish is a convenient option for most students. Its widely offered in colleges and universities. Because its so popular, there are often multiple sessions, making it much easier to fit into a busy schedule.When selecting what language to take in college, always take the mos t important factors into account, but its hard to go wrong with these five top language options. And One More ThingWant to get a head start on your first college language course?With FluentU, you learn real languagesâ€"the same way that natives  speak them. FluentU has a wide variety of videos, including movie trailers, funny commercials and web series, as you can see here:FluentU App Browse Screen.FluentU has interactive captions that let you tap on any word to see an image, definition, audio and useful examples. Now native language content is within reach with interactive transcripts.Didnt catch something? Go back and listen again. Missed a word? Hover over or tap on the subtitles to instantly view definitions.FluentU Interactive Transcripts You can learn all the vocabulary in any video with FluentUs quiz mode. Swipe left or right to see  more examples for the word you’re learning.FluentU Has Quizzes for Every VideoAnd FluentU always keeps track of vocabulary that you’re learn ing. It uses that vocab to give you a 100% personalized experience by recommending videos and examples.

AP Test without the Class - by TutorNerds

AP Test without the Class - by TutorNerds Taking the AP Test Without the Class In 2015, high school students are faced with an increasing amount of competition in order to gain entrance to university or college. One of the hurdles that the majority of high school students face is how to score a 5 on their AP exams (READ: Ask a Nerd! Taking the AP Exam). Some students will use these accolades as a way to gain acceptance to college while other students will use them as a way to attempt to graduate university in four years and avoid being a 5th year senior. The cost of education in the United States continues to rise, and students who score a 3 on any of their AP exams will be able to use them for college credit. Students can, potentially, have an entire semester or more of classes under their belt prior to even starting their college career. Although the majority of students who have the opportunity to take AP classes will benefit from such an experience, some students will not have the opportunity to take classes in certain subject areas. Some students have talents that lie outside of history and math â€" the most popular AP courses offered â€" and others will live in rural or remote areas where AP classes may be severely limited if offered at all. Students who do not have an opportunity to take AP classes at school deserve a chance to be able to score at least a 3. There should be no misunderstanding that this is a substantial commitment and such students will need to conduct a substantial amount of guided self-study with the help or an Orange County AP test tutor. Getting Started 1. Students should purchase the test prep book before even considering signing up for the exam. Its important for students to do this the summer before their AP exams so they have plenty of time to determine whether they will be able to take on this responsibility by themselves. Upon purchasing a test prep book, students should take a full-length practice test and either grade it themselves using the instructions in the book or ask a teacher or educational consultant to grade it for them (READ: Ask a Nerd! Mastering AP English Language). If the student scores a 3, or even a 2, this early on they may have a chance to pass the real test without the opportunity of taking the class at school. 2. Next, students should find educational support. Students who live in urban or suburban areas may be able to find a tutor or study group with ease while students who live in rural or remote areas may find this more difficult. However, with the advent of social and educational technology, even students in the most remote areas of the US will have educational opportunities online. They should consider creating a Google+ Circle or finding a group of students throughout the US who are also conducting self-study and form a virtual study group, preferably in the same time zone. Once a test prep book and educational support has been arranged, students should find the textbook that their teacher would have used (if the class had been offered). Self-study AP students are advised to contact their teacher at school to get a good recommendation or look for the book on the College Board website. Again, with so many teachers and students connecting online, an appropriate textbook recommendation should be relatively easy to find these days. Commencing Study 5. Students who plan on prepping for the AP exam (which is given in May) starting in March are not likely to receive a score of 3 or higher. Students should view it as an independent study class and begin reading through their textbook starting in September. Students who are in an AP class will probably spend five hours a week with their teacher and peers and an additional five hours â€" or more â€" conducting self-study or working within a group. Self-study AP students should attempt to mimic this time commitment, allowing anywhere between 5 and 10 hours of self-study and time with their virtual study group as well as 5 hours of self-instruction (READ: Ask a Nerd! Grades and AP Class). This can be done with the help of a private tutor or using the test prep book as a guideline. Although it is generally better to take the full AP class, students who do not have this opportunity are still allowed, and should be encouraged, to attempt to take AP exams. With all the technological and educational online resources available today theres no reason why students in remote areas or whose talents lie outside of the core subjects should be denied the opportunity to receive advanced placement credit while in high school. AP College Board Regardless of what grade youre in, its important to finish the year strong. That being said, make sure you book your Orange County academic tutor early! Heres to a successful 2015. All blog entries, with the exception of guest bloggers, are written by TutorNerds. Are you an education professional? If so, email us at pr@tutornerds.com for guest blogging and collaborations. We want to make this the best free education resource in SoCal, so feel free to suggest what you would like to see us post about.

Cheating in exams with technology - Tutor Hunt Blog

Cheating in exams with technology Invisible ink and other inventive ways to cheat in exams Invisible ink and other inventive ways to cheat in examsSchoolsStudents have always sought new ways to cheat in exams. Ever since we have been testing them, making them sit quietly in lines of little desks, too far apart from them to see the work of their neighbor, they have been developing ever more cunning ways to score some extra points. The testing room may be a place of high surveillance, with teachers pacing up and down the rows of the studious scribblers; there may even be cameras scrutinizing every movement the pupils make - as long as exams retain their importance, many students will be willing to take a risk to get a better mark. With their very future at stake - the difference of a percentage point potentially determining their admission to a university, who can really blame them?When I was at school the most sophisticated way of evading detection was by constructing something called `cheat notes.` These were simply a tiny scraps of paper, sometimes no larger than a stamp, onto which would be written information which our brains somehow could not retain. This might be certain dates for a history exam, or mathematical formulae for a physics test. The contraband data had to be concise of course, nothing more than a few lines could be imprinted onto these tiny scraps, which would be surreptitiously unfolded out on the battlefield of the exam hall. After opening these origami-like objects, the pupil might be dismayed to find they couldn`t read their own tiny script; or would discover that the ink had blotted, rendering the aids useless. If they believed their cover had been blown, and that a teacher was about to intercept them, the cheat notes would be swiftly devoured, with the information they couldn`t keep in their mind now assimilated through their digestive system.These days there are far more ingenious was to cheat in exams - the most obvious tool for this malfeasance being the mobile phone. The internet exceeds in scope the library of Alexandria, and with just about every school child possessing a smart phone, the answer to that problematic exam question may just be a few finger taps away. It is of course forbidden to take phones into exam halls; but it is all too easy for a student to pass off an old phone to their teacher, while retaining their current handset, which they can secretly use during the exam. I have heard that some schools and universities actually frisk the students before each exam, checking them for any secret communication devices they may have on their person. With phones getting ever smaller and more concealable one wonders how far this `probing` might go - will we soon see students having to pass though airport like security checks before being tested? There are affordable watches that can now access the internet - and soon the world will be graced by the long awaited Google Glass, which will allow a simulated cinematic screen to be observed through a pair of glasses. These will enable anyone to view th e internet with clandestine ease, and also record anything they so much as look at. Perhaps all pupils will need to have their spectacles inspected prior to entering the exam room, to ensure they will not be able to transmit an image of their test to a group of friends, who would be able to dictate the perfect answer through the tiny speakers in the arms of the glasses.A slightly more prosaic method of cheating in an exam was `brought to light` recently, when a university law student was caught, having covered 24 pages with invisible ink, which they were able to read using a UV light source, which they had smuggled into the room. The protocol for law exams permits students to consult certain text books, and the student had filled 24 pages of one book with `unauthorized notes` according to the Office of the Independent Adjudicator. Though there is almost something charming - James Bond crossed with Harry Potter - about this case, it represents a rise in `cheat tech,` with the OIA rev ealing that hundreds of students have been caught with covert devices they hoped would aid them during exams.Lord Story, Liberal Democrats education spokesman for the House of Lords, has said that students are under immense pressure to do well in exams, and that the temptation to get higher grades by cheating can sometimes be too hard to resist.`The number of students is increasing all the time, particularly overseas students. Sometimes rich parents are paying the fees and the young person is desperate to do well in exams and make sure money wasn`t wasted`.Cheating is a pernicious problem: If students are consistently able to evade detection during exams, and obtain grades that do not accurately reflect their academic abilities, then the very credibility of that academic institution will be devalued. Colleges will soon discern that high grades from a certain school carry little currency; while the very reputation of a university could be tarnished if it awards degrees to those who d o not deserve them. 2 years ago0Add a Comment

Attention online English teachers What Chinas new crackdown on regulations means for you

Attention online English teachers What China’s new crackdown on regulations means for you Online English teaching forums and Facebook groups are buzzing with the news of regulations being implemented by the Chinese Education Ministry in January 2019. There have been talks of this for a while, but the current buzz was caused by a bunch of the bigger Chinese online teaching companies sending out memos to their current teachers. We’ve pulled together a quick guide to let you know what this means for you. We’ll be keeping it updated as the dust begins to settle and the impact of the changes becomes clearer. Okay first up - what do these memos mean for teachers already on Chinese online teaching platforms? If you haven’t heard from your platform yet, you probably will! If you do, here’s what some of the information on memos from companies like SayABC, VIPKID and DaDa stated: In response to the new regulations announced by the Chinese Ministry of Education, all online English teachers must meet the following requirements by December 31, 2018: Completed a 120-hour (online or in-person) TEFL course from a recognized institution. Uploaded copies of all relevant certification to the platform they teach on: Bachelor’s degree TEFL certification Criminal background check Basically, online platforms want to keep their teachers, so they are hoping their teachers will get the necessary qualifications in time for the big crackdown. It’s unclear how these regulations will be enforced. But the original memo does state that there will be a management platform that schools are answerable to. (Psst: Check out the press release that was featured on the Ministry of Education’s website as well as multiple other sites like the China Daily.) Which brings us to… The original memo - where is this all coming from? The actual memo from the Chinese Education Ministry was scant when it came to useful information for teachers and left things vague. Companies were given the actual regulations by the Ministry of Education ahead of the crackdown and so far most information is coming directly from the memos sent out by online platforms. The announcement means that companies catering to primary and middle school students will have to be accountable for any after-school program (on or offline) and this includes things like: the curriculum, qualifications of teachers, and hours available. For teachers already teaching online this may seem like it’s coming out of the blue. We feel you! But don’t worry - it’s not as bad as it seems. There’s still time to get TEFL certified and make sure you meet the regulations. With requirements changing, you will need the following to teach English online with most Chinese companies: A bachelor’s degree A 120-hour TEFL certificate from an accredited institution 2 years of teaching experience (and nope, a teaching practicum doesn’t cut it here!) Criminal background check So, what are online teachers saying about the crackdown? Here are just a few of the comments and concerns we’ve seen online from working online English teachers: “My school is giving teachers 3 weeks to do a 120-hour course. That seems a little crazy to me.” “I work for a great company in China. They told us the Chinese government is now requiring 120 or more hour TEFL certification from accredited and internationally-known companies. I have 15 years experience, a 40-hour TEFL certificate and a college degree. According to my company, the Chinese government will no longer accept just college degrees of experience, you must have a 120-hour TEFL certificate.” “I was told that there would be changes soon and that my credentials would be viewable for the students with my personal information partially blocked out, but not anything special about my certification. Fortunately, I completed a CELTA early in my career, so it’s not a problem either way.” “I have a master’s degree in TESOL and they still want that certificate. A copy of my degree is not enough.” Can I just get a cheapy TEFL and get this over with? Technically yes, but if you’ve any sense in your head - that will be a hard no! Most reputable TEFL courses will cost you around $1,000, and we don’t advise you to cut corners with this requirement, as it’s a short-term solution to a long-term problem. If you’re in a major hurry to get this sorted, go with an online course, as that’s the fastest option. With the government cracking down, we would recommend that working online teachers who’ve taken cheaper, shorter TEFL certificates in the past think about upgrading to one that will stand up to heavier scrutiny. That’s why we highly recommend that you go with a TEFL that’s been developed by an accredited education institution. For now, you might get away with, say, a Groupon cert, but if we were putting our money on it, we definitely wouldn’t want to take the risk. Here’s our guide on how to know if a TEFL certificate is legit! Note: We will update this article as new information becomes available.